Корпоративная вечеринка – это не что иное, как праздник по какому-либо знаменательному событию (Новый год, День рождение фирмы и прочее), на котором присутствуют все работники компании, в том числе и сами руководители. Главной целью корпоративной вечеринки является поощрение работников и стимул к дальнейшей продуктивной работе. Повезло сотрудникам, для которых такие праздники – действительно приятная встреча друзей и единомышленников, чувствующих себя уютно в обществе друг друга, не думая о чужом мнение, о них. Но в некоторых коллективах бывает иначе, и отдых там превращается в настоящую пытку. Работники слишком нервничают, чувствуя себя в такой обстановке некомфортно или просто беспокоятся за свою репутацию, кто-то и вовсе предпочитает не ходить, объясняя это тем, что коллеги и так уже надоели. Чтобы не омрачить весь праздник банальным время препровождением за столом, нужно заранее придумать его тематику, разработать все до мельчайших деталей. Чем креативнее будет продумана тематика, тем веселее и приятнее будет сотрудникам на данном корпоративном вечере и он обязательно запомнится всем. Что же интересного можно придумать для вечеринки в крупной компании? Отличным вариантом может стать экспериментальный вечер английского языка. Общение между собой сотрудников во время корпоративной вечеринки – именно то, ради чего ее и затевали, а что если сделать это общение в форме практики, пусть все сотрудники будут общаться на английском языке, обсуждая вкусные блюда, отличную музыку, продуктивную работу компании или же заключение отличной сделки. Так сотрудникам, безусловно, будет интереснее общаться друг с другом и своим начальством, в тоже время, практикуя язык Шекспира и Бронте. И, конечно же не стоит на этом останавливаться: можно пустить вход всю свою фантазию и заглянуть дальше. Например, можно сделать не просто вечер английского языка, а бал маскарад, где все сотрудники будут в роскошных нарядах, а их лица будут закрыты масками и никто не узнает, кто есть кто. При этом все будут общаться на английском языке, что придаст празднику аристократичности и загадочности викторианского шарма.

Устроить оригинальную корпоративную вечеринку на английском языке – это отличный вариант для практики и общения ваших сотрудников. Веселитесь и отдыхайте с английским языком, который необходим в современном мире, особенно в сфере бизнеса.

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Сдать квартиру вам помогут лучшие специалисты своего дела. Для того чтобы сдать квартиру мало одного желания, для этого нужно время.

Ведь поиски клиента отнимают немало времени и сил. Для того чтобы сдать квартиру адекватным людям нужно и стоимость определить адекватную.

Наши специалисты помогут вам определиться со стоимостью и подобрать клиента под ваши требования. Скорей всего наш специалист перед началом работы

Приедет к вам посмотрит квартиру, обсудить стоимость, возможно сделает несколько снимков квартиры. Для того чтобы сдать квартиру у нас уходит от суток до недели, в зависимости от её местоположения и стоимости. Клиентов подбираем разумеется под ваши требования. Это может быть пара или одиночки. Славянин или иностранец, с детьми или нет. Учитываем все пожелания владельца. Иногда бывает так что владелец просто физически не в состоянии выезжать на показы, ведь для этого нужно время, особенно если объект находится на другом конце города. В этом случае чтобы не терять клиентов, мы берём ключи от квартиры и самостоятельно показываем.

В случае если объект устраивает клиента, по телефону сообщаем об этом вам. Далее всё просто, вам останется только приехать для подписания договора и получения денег.

Нам доверяют а мы стараемся это доверие оправдать качественной работой. Мы не гонимся за количеством, для нас так же важно качество исполнения воли заказчика.

Сдать квартиру в Москве гораздо проще чем снять. Потому что спрос по прежнему высок в любом сегменте этого рынка.

Спросом пользуется как эконом класс, так и элитное жилье. Для того чтобы сдать квартиру по максимальной стоимости не стоит спешить. Возможно стоит уделить день два на уборку помещения, возможно стоит заменить протекающий кран в ванной или на кухне. Уделив немного времени, вы тем самым поднимаете стоимость данного объекта. Что касается элитного жилья то тут всё более сложнее. Здесь не достаточно заменить кран, тут всё должно соответствовать уровню.

Почему сдавать квартиру нужно с привлечением специалистов?

Ответ прост –чтобы не остаться один на один с нанимателем. Не всегда, и не все люди имеют достаточно знаний и возможностей для проверки того или иного момента.

Специалист по меньшей мере должен обладать навыками психолога, что помогает избежать неприятностей.

Кроме того основная масса современных людей предпочитает занимаясь своим делом, доверить этот не простой вопрос специалистам.

Одним словом каждый должен заниматься своим делом.

Важным моментом является договор, ведь профессионально написанный договор убережёт от возможных невзгод, а их не мало.

Просто консультация специалиста с нажимом на ключевые моменты очень важна, ведь мы делаем упор на предотвращение проблемы а не на устранение возможных последствий.

Вы можете связаться с нами отправив заявку с сайт.

Атопический дерматит – заболевание непростое и требует длительного лечения. Всё усложняется хроническим характером заболевания. Здесь потребуется упорство, вера в положительный результат и тесное сотрудничество с лечащим врачом. Главное в этой ситуации – не отчаиваться.

Лечение атопического дерматита должно быть комплексным. Это и соблюдение диеты, подобранной специально врачом. Диета подбирается таким образом, чтобы исключить из пищи больного возможные аллергены. Значение диеты достаточно высоко, её соблюдение может решить исход заболевания. Большое значение имеет и окружающая среда больного. Это защита от контактов с цветущими растениями, с пылью, плесенью. Это и решение проблем с сопутствующими атопической аллергии заболеваниями. Это и общий благоприятный климат в семье.

Как видите, лечение непростое, требующее и усилий, и терпения. Лечащий врач, как правило, бросает все силы на подавление аллергической реакции. В данном случае ведущим врачом будет дерматолог. Он работает в тесном контакте как с врачом аллергологом, так и с такими специалистами, как паразитолог, гастроэнтеролог, невропатолог. Дело в том, что причины атопического дерматита могут быть разнообразны. Исходя из той или иной причины заболевания, строится и сама тактика лечения. Важным моментом является реабилитационный период.

Что касается наружной терапии кожных покровов, то она идёт в комплексе с остальным лечением. В данном случае многое определяется стадией болезни и площадью поражённых участков кожи. На сегодняшний день при лечении атопического дерматита, как на начальной, так и поздней стадии весьма эффективно зарекомендовала себя ПУВА-терапия. Зуд и высыпания на коже исчезают буквально после нескольких процедур. Одновременно с этим происходит и улучшение общего психического состояния больного: он становится спокойнее, настроение повышается.

Аллергены и режим при атопическом дерматите

При заболевании атопическим дерматитом необходимо знать, что причиной обострения болезни может стать нарушение режима питания, психо-эмоциональные перегрузки и также ОРЗ. Может наблюдаться повышение чувствительности к низким температурам, к шерстяным и меховым вещам. Также течение атопического дерматита может быть усложнено и наличием паразитных инфекций.

Это достаточно актуальная задача и для перевозчиков и для пользователей этой услугой.

На сегодняшний день перевозки в Кыргызстан по железной дороге по маршруту Москва- Бишкек осуществляются множеством перевозчиков. Они имеют собственные вагоны в товарных и пассажирских поездах. Удобство в невысокой стоимости таких перевозок. Неудобство в том, что разыскать таких перевозчиков не просто.

Те, кто осуществляет постоянные большие крупнотоннажные перевозки в Кыргызстан- знакомы с перевозчиками и имеют льготы и скидки, постоянно загружая вагоны и обеспечивая такие перевозки. Однако тем, у кого разовые перевозки, бывает трудно разыскать вагоны хорошие по качеству или полностью свободные от сборных грузов.

Таможенные проблемы решаются обычно несложно. Все организации и ИП, осуществляющие грузовые перевозки в Кыргызстан, знакомы с правилами таможенных перевозок, а кроме того. имеют на таможне ответственных за перевозки данной организации. Поэтому возникающие проблемы обычно решаются быстро. Если вы сами задумываетесь стать перевозчиком, то решение таможенных проблем – это ваше первоочередное дело. Ибо постоянный проход грузов вне очереди – популярное на востоке правило.

Грузовые перевозки в Бишкек – это проблема в совеременной России – много мелких перевозчиков, а очередь на перевозки существует. Границы у России с Киргизией нет, что также осложняет маршрут, который проходит через Казахстан. Поэтому организация жд грузоперевозок через границу Киргизии для перевозок из Росии – вопрос пока не решенный полностью.

Создание сайтов для перевозчиков – весьма актуальная задача. Сайты , на которых просто и четко информативно будут выложены прайсы, условия перевозки и маршрутные листы, весьма актуальны и редки для компаний, осуществляющих железнодорожные перевозки в Кыргызстан. Именно информационная сторона проблемы сегодня не позволяет массе перевозчиков получить полное наполнение вагонов и осуществлять полностью эффективные жд рейсы.

Заказывая перевозку, подбирая перевозчика, обращайте внимание имеет ли компания такую услугу, как собственные грузоперевози по Москве. Какой парк автомашин для этого у перевозчика, собственный ли он? Есть ли малогабаритные и малотоннажные машины, которым разрешен пропуск в центр города? Грузоперевозки по Москве - обеспечение сервисного обслуживания своих клиентов, важнейшая задача перевозчика.

В Париже начинается процесс против бывшего президента Жака Ширака

Землетрясение в Японии

Любительское видео цунами в Японии

Японский город стерт с лица земли

Пример неграмотного перевода с русского на английский заставил Хиллари Клинтов посмеяться над неграмотностью собственных переводчиков.

О китайском аналоге You tube. Китайцы молодцы!

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А может человек всего лишь очередной тип приматов? Это видео не из разряда «Новости». Тем не менее, это очень интересная беседа. Любители английского, а особенно те, кто свободно понимают научную речь, получать огромное удовольствие.

Еще одно видео цунами

accreditation Determination by the Joint Commission International (JCI) accrediting body that an eligible health care organization complies with applicable JCI standards.

accreditation decisions Categories of accreditation that an organization can achieve based on a JCI survey. These decision categories are as follows:

Accredited The organization demonstrates acceptable compliance with all standards and International Patient Safety Goals.

Denial of Accreditation The organization is consistently not in compliance with JCI standards and International Patient Safety Goals, JCI withdraws its accreditation for other reasons, or the organization voluntarily withdraws from the accreditation process.

accreditation framework The structures and processes in an organization that are necessary for an accrediting organization to do the following:

• Consistently and reliably evaluate applicant organizations against standards
• Recruit and send out trained evaluators
• Reach consistent and defensible accreditation decisions
• Carry out related policies and procedures

accreditation process A continuous process whereby health care organizations are required to demonstrate to JCI that they are providing safe, high-quality care, as determined by compliance with JCI standards and International Patient Safety Goal recommendations. The key component of this process is an on-site evaluation of an organization by JCI surveyors.

Accreditation Program (JCI) See JCI Accreditation Program

accreditation survey An evaluation of an organization to assess its compliance with applicable standards and to determine its accreditation status. Also known as a “triennial survey,” the JCI accreditation survey includes the following:

• Evaluation of documents provided by organization staff that show compliance
• Verbal information about the implementation of standards or examples of their implementation that enables compliance to be determined
• On-site observations by surveyors
• Tracking of patients through the care process by the tracer methodology
• Education about standards compliance and performance improvement

extension survey An organizational evaluation made necessary by any of the following factors:

• An organization has offered at least 25% of its services at a new location or in a sig­nificantly altered physical plan./li>
• An organization has expanded its capacity to provide services by 25% or greater, as measured by patient volume or other relevant measures.
• An organization has merged with, consolidated with, or acquired an unaccredited site, service, or program for which there are applicable JCI standards.

focused survey Narrow, limited evaluation of an organization subsequent to an initial or triennial survey, which concentrates solely on issues deemed noncompliant during the initial or triennial survey.

follow-up focused survey Evaluation conducted because of the need for surveyor observation, staff or patient interviews, or the inspection of the physical facility to confirm that an organization has taken sufficient action to achieve acceptable compliance with any JCI standards and/or International Patient Safety Goals identified as “not met” or “partially met” at the time of initial or triennial full survey.

for-cause focused survey An organizational evaluation undertaken when JCI becomes aware of potentially serious issues involving standards compliance, patient care, or patient safety.

initial survey Evaluation of an organization that is seeking JCI accreditation for the first time or has not been unaccredited by JCI during the previous six months.

validation survey An evaluation of the survey process subsequent to an organization’s initial or triennial re-survey, assessing standards compliance in health care organizations, as part of JCI’s internal quality improvement efforts. Similar in scope to an initial or triennial survey, the validation survey is voluntary and in no way affects the results of an organization’s initial or triennial survey.

acute care A branch of health care where nec­essary treatment of a disease is provided for only a short period of time for a brief but severe episode of illness. Many hospitals are acute care facilities with the goal of discharging the patient as soon as the patient is deemed healthy and stable, with appropriate discharge instructions.

adverse event An unanticipated, undesirable, or potentially dangerous occurrence in a health care organization.

ambulatory care Types of health care services provided to individuals on an outpatient basis. Ambulatory care services are provided in many settings ranging from freestanding surgical facilities to cardiac catheterization centers.

anesthesia and sedation The administra­tion of medication to an individual, in any setting, for any purpose, by any route to induce a partial or total loss of sensation for the purpose of conducting an operative or other procedure.

Definitions of four levels of anesthesia and seda­tion include the following:

minimal sedation (anxiolysis) A drug-induced state during which patients respond normally to verbal commands. Although cogni­tive function and coordination may be impaired, ventilatory and cardiovascular func­tions are unaffected.

procedural (or moderate) sedation (formerly “conscious sedation”) A drug-induced depression of consciousness dur­ing which patients respond purposefully to ver­bal commands, either alone or accompanied by light tactile stimulation. Reflex withdrawal from a painful stimulus is not considered a purposeful response. No interventions are required to maintain a patent airway, and spontaneous ven­tilation is adequate. Cardiovascular function is usually maintained.

deep sedation/analgesia A drug-induced depression of consciousness during which patients cannot be easily aroused but respond purposefully following repeated or painful stimulation. The ability to independently maintain ventilatory function may be impaired. Patients may require assistance in maintaining a patent airway, and spontaneous ventilation may be inadequate. Cardiovascular function is usually maintained.

anesthesia Consists of general anesthesia and spinal or major regional anesthesia. It does not include local anesthesia. General anesthesia is a drug-induced loss of consciousness during which patients are not arousable, even by painful stimulation. The ability to independently maintain ventilatory function is often impaired. Patients often require assistance in maintaining a patent airway, and positive pressure ventilation may be required because of depressed spontaneous ventilation or drug-induced depression of neuromuscular function. Cardiovascular function may be impaired.

best practice Clinical, scientific, or profes­sional technique, method, or process that is recog­nized by a majority of professionals in a particular field as more effective at delivering a particular out­come than any other practice. These practices, also sometimes referred to as “good practice” or “better practice,” are typically evidence based and consensus driven.

capital cost The cost of investing in the devel­opment of new or improved facilities, services, or equipment. Does not include operational costs.

care plan See plan of care.

certification

1. The procedure and action by which an authorized organization evaluates and certifies that an individual, institution, or program meets requirements, such as standards. Certification differs from accreditation in that certification can also be applied to indi­viduals (for example, a medical specialist).

2. The process by which a nongovernment agency or association certifies that an individ­ual has met predetermined qualifications specified by that agency or association.

cleaning Removal of all visible dust, soil, and any other visible material that microorganisms might find favorable for continued life and growth. This is usually done by scrubbing with hot water and detergent.

clinical pathology Services relating to solving clinical problems, particularly using laboratory methods in clinical diagnosis. Includes clinical chemistry, bacteriology and mycology, parasitology, virology, clinical microscopy, hematology, coagula­tion immunohematology, immunology, serology, and radiobioassay.

clinical pathway An agreed-on treatment regime that includes all elements of care.

clinical practice guidelines Statements that help practitioners and patients choose appropriate health care for specific clinical conditions (for exam­ple, recommendations on the case management of diarrhea in children under the age of 5 years). The practitioner is guided through all steps of consulta­tion (questions to ask, physical signs to look for, lab exams to prescribe, assessment of the situation, and treatment to prescribe).

clinical record See patient record/medical record/clinical record.

clinical staff See staff.

clinical trial Therapy testing in three or some­times four stages depending on the purpose, size, and scope of the test.

“Phase I” trials evaluate the safety of diagnostic, therapeutic, or prophylactic drugs, devices, or techniques to determine the safe dosage range (if appropriate). They involve a small number of healthy subjects. The trial usually lasts about one year.

“Phase II” trials are usually controlled to assess the effectiveness and dosage (if appropriate) of the drugs, devices, or techniques. These studies involve several hundred volunteers, including a limited number of patients with the target disease or disorder. The trial usually lasts about two years.

“Phase III” trials verify the effectiveness of the drugs, devices, or techniques determined in Phase II studies. Phase II patients are monitored to identify any adverse reactions from long-term use. These studies involve groups of patients large enough to identify clinically significant responses. The trial usually lasts about three years.

“Phase IV” trials study the drugs, devices, or techniques that have been approved for general sale. These studies are often conducted to obtain more data about a product’s safety and efficacy.

competence A determination of an individual’s skills, knowledge, and capability to meet defined expectations, as frequently described in a job description.

confidentiality

1. The restricted access to data and information to individuals who have a need, a reason, and permission for such access.

2. An individual’s right to personal and informational privacy, including for his or her health care records.

contamination The presence of an infectious agent on an animate or inanimate surface.

continuity of care The degree to which the care of individuals is coordinated among practition­ers, among organizations, and over time.

continuum of care Matching the individual’s ongoing needs with the appropriate level and type of care, treatment, and service within an organization or across multiple organizations.

contracted services Services provided through a written agreement with another organization, agency, or individual. The agreement specifies the services or personnel to be provided on behalf of the applicant organization and the fees to provide these services or personnel.

credentialing The process of obtaining, verifying, and assessing the qualifications of a health care practitioner to provide patient care services in or for a health care organization. The process of periodically checking staff qualifications is called “recredentialing.”

credentials Evidence of competence, current and relevant licensure, education, training, and experience. Other criteria may be added by a health care organization. Also see competence; credentialing.

curative services Services provided to overcome disease and to promote recovery. Curative services or therapy are different from palliative services, which give relief but not cure. Also see palliative services.

data Facts, clinical observations, or measurements collected during an assessment activity. Data before they are analyzed are called “raw data.”

disaster See emergency.

discharge The point at which an individual’s active involvement with an organization or program is terminated and the organization or program no longer maintains active responsibility for the care of the individual.

discharge summary A section of a patient record that summarizes the reasons for admittance, the significant findings, the procedures performed, the treatment rendered, the patient’s condition on discharge, and any specific instructions given to the patient or family (for example, follow-up, medications).

disinfection The use of a chemical procedure that eliminates most disease-producing organisms, but not all microbial forms.

“do not use” list A written catalog of abbrevia­tions, acronyms, and symbols that are not to be used throughout an organization—whether handwritten or entered as free text into a computer—due to their potentially confusing nature.

efficiency The relationship between the out­comes (results of care) and the resources used to deliver care. For example, when two programs use the same amount of resources, the one that achieves a higher immunization coverage rate is the more efficient. Increasing efficiency involves achieving the same outputs with fewer resources or more outputs with the same amount of resources.

emergency

1. An unanticipated or sudden occasion, as in emergency surgery needed to prevent death or serious disability.

2. A natural or man-made event that significantly disrupts the environment of care (for example, damage to the organization’s build-ing[s] and grounds due to severe winds, storms, or earthquakes); that significantly disrupts care and treatment (for example, loss of utilities, such as power, water, or telephones due to floods, civil disturbances, accidents, or emergencies in the organization or its community); or that results in sudden, significantly changed or increased demands for the organization’s services (for example, bioterror-ist attack, building collapse, or plane crash in the organization’s community). Some emer­gencies are called “disasters” or “potential injury-creating events” (PICEs).

emergent A classification of acuity used in the triage systems to signify that the patient’s condition is life-threatening and requires immediate intervention. Also see urgent.

environmental management plan(s) The organization’s written document describing the process it has in place for the following areas of its operations: safety and security, hazardous materials, emergencies, fire safety, medical equipment, and utility systems. The plan identifies specific proce­dures that describe mitigation, preparedness, response and recovery strategies, actions, and responsibilities.

equipment maintenance, preventive The planned, scheduled, visual, mechanical, engineering, and functional evaluation of equipment conducted before using new equipment and at specified intervals throughout the equipment’s lifetime. The purpose is to maintain equipment performance within manufacturers’ guidelines and specifications and to help ensure accurate diagnosis, treatment, or monitoring. It includes measuring performance specifica­tions and evaluating specific safety factors.

equipment maintenance, routine The per­formance of basic safety checks—that is, the visual, technical, and functional evaluations of equipment to identify obvious deficiencies before they have a negative impact. It normally includes inspec­tions of the case, power cord, structural frame, enclosure, controls, indicators, and so on.

evidence-based (or scientific-based) guidelines Making clinical decisions based on empirical evidence or, in the absence of empirical evidence, expert consensus (such as consensus state­ments promoted by professional societies). The approach requires understanding conflicting results and assessing the quality and strength of evidence. Finally, practitioners must know how this applies to patient care and health care policy.

failure mode and effects analysis (FMEA)

A systematic way of examining a design prospectively for possible ways in which failure can occur. It assumes that no matter how knowledgeable or careful people are, errors will occur in some situations and may even be likely to occur.

family The person(s) with a significant role in the patient’s life. This may include a person(s) not legally related to the patient. This person(s) is often referred to as a surrogate decision maker if authorized to make care decisions for a patient if the patient loses decision-making ability.

functional status The ability of individuals to take care of themselves physically and emotionally according to the expected norms of their age group. Functional status may be divided into “social,” “physical,” and “psychological” functions. Functional status may be assessed by asking questions during periodic health examinations or using formal screening instruments. Also see measure.

governance The individual(s), group, or agency that has ultimate authority and responsibility for establishing policy, maintaining quality of care, and providing for organization management and planning. Other names for this group include “board,” “board of trustees,” “board of governors,” “board of commissioners,” and “governing body.”

harvesting, of organs Removal of an organ for means of transplantation.

hazardous materials and waste Materials whose handling, use, and storage are guided or defined by local, regional, or national regulation, hazardous vapors, and hazardous energy sources. Although JCI identifies infectious waste as falling into this category of materials, not all laws and regu­lations define infectious or medical waste as hazardous waste.

hazard vulnerability analysis The identification of potential emergencies and the direct and indirect effects these emergencies may have on the health care organization’s operations and the demand for its services.

health care–associated infection(s) (HAI)

Any infection(s) acquired by an individual while receiving care or services in a health care organization. Common HAIs are urinary infections, surgical wound infections, pneumonia, and bloodstream infections.

health care organization A generic term used to describe many types of organizations that provide health care services. This includes ambulatory care centers, behavioral/mental health institu­tions, home care organizations, hospitals, laboratories, and long term care organizations. Also known as a “health care institution.”

health care organization management standards For purposes of JCI accreditation, standards that are organized according to what is done directly or indirectly to provide for a safe, effective, and well-managed organization and facility (for example, prevention and control of infection, facility management, staff qualifications).

independent practitioner Any individual permitted by law and by the organization to provide care and services, without direction or supervision, within the scope of the individual’s license. In many countries, licensed independent practitioners include physicians, dentists, some categories of nurses, podiatrists, optometrists, and chiropractors. Also see practitioner.

infectious waste See hazardous materials and waste.

information management The creation, use, sharing, and disposal of data or information across an organization. This practice is critical to the effec­tive and efficient operation of organization activities. It includes the role of management to produce and to control the use of data and information in work activities, information resources management, infor­mation technology, and information services.

informed consent Agreement or permission accompanied by full information on the nature, risks, and alternatives of a medical procedure or treatment before the physician or other health care professional begins the procedure or treatment. After receiving this information, the patient either con­sents to or refuses such a procedure or treatment.

inpatient Generally, persons who are admitted to and housed in a health care organization at least overnight.

in-service education Organized education, usually provided in the workplace, designed to enhance the skills of staff members or to teach them new skills relevant to their jobs and disciplines.

integrated provider (system) A health care provider organization that offers a broad corporate system for managing a diversified health care deliv­ery system. The system typically includes one or more hospitals, a large group practice, a health plan, and other health care operations. Health care practi­tioners are employees of the system or in a tightly affiliated practitioner group. The system can provide several levels of health care to patients in the same geographic areas.

intent statement A brief explanation of a standard’s rationale, meaning, and significance, noted in this manual under the heading “Intent.” Intent statements may contain detailed expectations of the standard that are evaluated in the on-site sur­vey process.

invasive procedure A procedure involving puncture or incision of the skin or insertion of an instrument or foreign material into the body.

JCI Accreditation Program The division of JCI responsible for administration of all activities related to organizational health care accreditation or certification.

job description Explanation of an employment position, including duties, responsibilities, and conditions required to perform the job.

leader An individual who sets expectations, develops plans, and implements procedures to assess and to improve the quality of the organization’s governance, management, clinical, and support functions and processes. The leaders described in the JCI standards include at least the leaders of the governing body, the chief executive officer and other senior managers, departmental leaders, the elected and the appointed leaders of the medical staff and the clinical departments and other medical staff members in organizational administrative positions, and the nurse executive and other senior nursing leaders.

levels of care A classification of health care service levels. They are divided by the kind of care given, the number of people served, and the people providing the care. The main levels of care are primary, secondary, and tertiary. Levels of care classified by the acuity of the patient or intensity of the services provided are emergency, intensive, and general. Also see continuum of care.

licensure A legal right that is granted by a government agency in compliance with a statute governing an occupation (such as physicians, dentists, nurses, psychiatry, or clinical social work, or the operation of a health care facility).

measure

1. To collect quantifiable data about a function, system, or process (one “measures”).

2. A quantitative tool.

medical equipment Fixed and portable equipment used for the diagnosis, treatment, monitoring, and direct care of individuals.

medical record See patient record/medical record/clinical record.

medical staff All physicians, dentists, and other professionals who are licensed to practice inde­pendently (without supervision) and who provide preventive, curative, restorative, surgical, rehabilitative, or other medical or dental services to patients; or who provide interpretative services for patients, such as pathology, radiology, or laboratory services, regardless of the organization’s classification of appointment, employment status, contract, or other arrangements with the individual to provide such patient care services.

medical waste See hazardous materials and waste.

medication Any prescription medications; sample medications; herbal remedies; vitamins; nutriceuticals; over-the-counter drugs; vaccines; diagnostic and contrast agents used on or administered to persons to diagnose, to treat, or to prevent disease or other abnormal conditions; radioactive medications; respiratory therapy treatments; parenteral nutrition; blood derivatives; and intravenous solutions (plain, with electrolytes and/or drugs).

medication, high-risk or high-alert Those drugs that carry a risk for errors that can lead to significant adverse outcomes.

medication error Any preventable event that may cause inappropriate medication use or jeopardize patient safety. Also see sentinel event.

mission statement A written expression that sets forth the purpose, or “mission,” of an organization or one of its components. The generation of a mission statement usually precedes the formation of goals and objectives.

monitoring The review of information on a regular basis. The purpose of monitoring is to identify the changes in a situation. For example, the health information specialist of the district health management team reports every month the cases of meningitis occurring in villages at risk.

multidisciplinary Including representatives of a range of professions, disciplines, or service areas.

near miss Any process variation that did not affect an outcome but for which a recurrence carries a significant chance of a serious adverse outcome. Such a “near miss” falls within the scope of the defi­nition of an adverse event. Also see adverse event.

nonclinical staff See staff.

nosocomial infection(s) See health care–associated infection(s).

nutritional care Interventions and counseling to promote appropriate nutrition intake. This activ­ity is based on nutrition assessment and information about food, other sources of nutrients, and meal preparation. It includes the patient’s cultural background and socioeconomic status.

nutrition therapy Medical treatment that includes enteral and parenteral nutrition.

observation The time during which a patient is watched closely by a caregiver (or caregivers).

organizational chart A graphic representation of titles and reporting relationships in an organiza­tion, sometimes referred to as an “organogram” or “organization table.”

outcome The effect(s) that an intervention has on a specific health problem. It reflects the pur­pose of the intervention. For example, the out-come(s) of a rural health education program on safe drinking water could be fewer diarrhea episodes in children under 5 or decreased child mortality by diarrhea.

outpatient Generally, persons who do not need the level of care associated with the more structured environment of an inpatient or a residential program. In many countries, outpatient care is also known as “ambulatory care.” In some countries, outpatients are considered “admitted” to a health care organization; in others, outpatients are considered “registered.” Also see ambulatory care.

palliative services Treatments and support services intended to alleviate pain and suffering rather than to cure illness. Palliative therapy may include surgery or radiotherapy undertaken to reduce or to shrink tumors compressing vital struc­tures and thereby to improve the quality of life. Palliative services include attending to the patient’s psychological and spiritual needs and supporting the dying patient and his or her family.

patient An individual who receives care, treatment, and services. For JCI standards, the patient and family are a single unit of care.

patient care process The act of providing accommodations, comfort, and treatment to an individual. This implies responsibility for safety, including treatment, services, habilitation, rehabilitation, or other programs requested by the organization or network for the individual.

patient-centered standards For purposes of JCI accreditation, standards that are organized according to what is done directly or indirectly for or to patients (for example, patient education, cre­ation of patient records, patient assessment).

patient record/medical record/clinical record A written account of a variety of patient health information, such as assessment findings, treatment details, progress notes, and discharge summary. This record is created by health care professionals.

physiologic-based criteria Criteria centered on the branch of biology dealing with the functions of the living organism and its parts of the physical and chemical factors and processes involved.

plan A detailed method, formulated beforehand, that identifies needs, lists strategies to meet those needs, and sets goals and objectives. The format of the plan may include narratives, policies and procedures, protocols, practice guidelines, clinical paths, care maps, or a combination of these.

plan of care A plan that identifies the patient’s care needs, lists the strategy to meet those needs, documents treatment goals and objectives, outlines the criteria for ending interventions, and documents the individual’s progress in meeting specified goals and objectives. It is based on data gathered during patient assessment. The format of the plan in some organizations may be guided by specific policies and procedures, protocols, practice guidelines, clinical paths, or a combination of these. The plan of care may include prevention, care, treatment, habilita-tion, and rehabilitation. Also see plan.

point-of-care testing Analytical testing per­formed at sites outside the traditional laboratory environment, usually at or near where care is deliv­ered to individuals.

practice guidelines Tools that describe processes found by clinical trials or by consensus opinion of experts to be the most effective in evalu­ating and/or treating a patient who has a specific symptom, condition, or diagnosis, or that describe a specific procedure. Synonyms include practice parameter, protocol, preferred practice pattern, and guideline. Also see evidence-based (or scientific-based) guidelines; clinical practice guidelines.

practitioner Any person who has completed a course of study and is skilled in a field of health care. This includes a physician, dentist, nurse, phar­macist, respiratory therapist, among others. Practitioners are licensed by a government agency or certified by a professional organization. Also see inde­pendent practitioner.

preventive services Interventions to promote health and prevent disease. These include identification of and counseling on risk factors (for example, smoking, lack of physical activity), screening to detect disease (for example, breast cancer, sexually transmitted diseases), immunizations, and chemo-prophylaxis (for example, hormone replacement therapy).

primary source verification Verification of an individual health care practitioner’s reported qualifications by the original source or an approved agent of that source. Methods for conducting pri­mary source verification of credentials include direct correspondence, documented telephone verification, secure electronic verification from the original quali­fication source, or reports from credentials verifica­tion organizations that meet JCI requirements.

privileging The process whereby a specific scope and content of patient care services (that is, clinical privileges) are authorized for a health care practitioner by a health care organization, based on evaluation of the individual’s credentials and performance.

process A series of actions (or activities) that transform the inputs (resources) into outputs (ser­vices). For example, a rural health education pro­gram will require that staff develop an education strategy, develop educational materials, and deliver the education sessions.

protocol Scientific treatment plan or study outline—including types of trial participants, schedule, procedures, medications and dosages, among oth-ers—for using an experimental procedure or a new treatment with the intent of measuring human applications.

qualified individual An individual or staff member who can participate in one or all of the organization’s care activities or services. Qualification is determined by the following: education, training, experience, competence, applicable licensure, laws or regulations, registration, or certification.

quality improvement An approach to the continuous study and improvement of the processes of providing health care services to meet the needs of patients and others. Synonyms include continuous quality improvement, continuous improvement, organi-zationwide performance improvement, and total quality management.

quality of care The degree to which health services for individuals and populations increase the likelihood of desired health outcomes and are consis­tent with current professional knowledge. Dimensions of performance include the following: patient per­spective issues; safety of the care environment; and accessibility, appropriateness, continuity, effectiveness, efficacy, efficiency, and timeliness of care.

recruitment Seeking—usually new—employees or other members of an organization.

referral The sending of an individual (1) from one clinician to another clinician or specialist or (2) from one setting or service to another or other resource, either for consultation or care that the referring source is not prepared or qualified to provide.

rehabilitation services The use of medical, social, educational, and vocational measures together for training or retraining individuals disabled by dis­ease or injury. The goal is to enable patients to achieve their highest possible level of functional ability.

reliability The ability of the measure to accu­rately and consistently identify the events it was designed to identify across multiple health settings.

representative sample A sample in which each case in an initially identified population of cases has equal probability of being included in the sample. A representative sample is obtained if ran­dom sampling is used to select the sample cases.

risk management program Clinical and administrative activities that organizations undertake to identify, to evaluate, and to reduce the risk of injury to patients, staff, and visitors and the risk of loss to the organization itself.

root cause analysis A process for identifying the basic or causal factor(s) that underlies variation in performance, including the occurrence or possible occurrence of a sentinel event. Also see sentinel event.

safety The degree that the organization’s buildings, grounds, and equipment do not pose a hazard or risk to patients, staff, or visitors.

scope of practice The range of activities performed by a practitioner in a health care organiza­tion. The scope is determined by training, tradition, laws or regulations, or the organization.

scope of services The range of activities performed by governance, managerial, clinical, and sup­port personnel.

screening criteria A set of standardized rules or tests applied to patient groups on which to base a preliminary judgment that further evaluation is war­ranted, such as the need for a nutritional evaluation based on nutritional screening.

security Protection from loss, destruction, tam­pering, or unauthorized access or use.

sedation See anesthesia and sedation.

sentinel event An unanticipated occurrence involving death or major permanent loss of function.

side effect Pharmacological effect of a drug, normally adverse, other than the one(s) for which the drug is prescribed.

specialty laboratory programs Programs that include laboratory disciplines, such as chemistry (including toxicology, therapeutic drug testing, and drugs of abuse testing), clinical cytogeneticsim-munogenetics, diagnostic immunology, embryology, hematology (including coagulation testing), histo-compatibility, immunohematology, microbiology (including bacteriology, mycobacteriology, mycology, virology, and parasitology), molecular biology, pathology (including surgical pathology, cytopathol-ogy, and necropsy), and radiobioassay.

staff According to their roles and responsibilities, all people who provide care, treatment, and services in the organization (for example, medical staff and nursing staff ), including those receiving pay (perma­nent, temporary, and part-time personnel, as well as contract employees), volunteers, and health profession students.

clinical staff Those who provide direct patient care (physicians, dentists, nurses, among others).

nonclinical staff Those who provide indi­rect patient care (admissions, food service, among others).

standard A statement that defines the perform­ance expectations, structures, or processes that must be in place for an organization to provide safe and high-quality care, treatment, and service.

standards-based evaluation An assessment process that determines a health care organization’s or practitioner’s compliance with preestablished standards. Also see accreditation.

sterilization The use of a physical or chemical procedure to destroy all microbial life, including highly resistant bacterial endospores.

surgery Those procedures that investigate and/or treat diseases and disorders of the human body through cutting, removing, altering, or inser­tion of diagnostic/therapeutic scopes.

survivor risk factors Chances for surviving family members or other loved ones to experience difficulties with the death of a loved one.

symptom, primary First or most prominent indication of an illness, disease, or other disorder.

symptom, secondary An indication of ill­ness, disease, or other disorder that appears after or because of a primary symptom.

therapeutic duplication One person using two drugs, usually unnecessarily, from the same ther­apeutic category at the same time.

time-out A pause, just prior to performing a sur­gical or other procedure, during which any unan­swered questions or confusion about patient, proce­dure, or site are resolved by the entire surgical or procedural team. Even when there is only one per­son doing the procedure, a brief pause to confirm the correct patient, procedure, and site is appropriate.

tracer methodology A process that JCI sur­veyors use during the on-site survey to analyze an organization’s systems by following individual patients through the organization’s health care process in the sequence experienced by the patients. Depending on the health care setting, this may require surveyors to visit multiple care units, depart­ments, or areas within an organization or a single care unit to “trace” the care rendered to a patient.

patient tracer The process used by JCI to evaluate an individual patient’s total care experi­ence within a health care organization.

system tracer A session during the on-site survey devoted to evaluating high-priority safety and quality-of-care issues on a systemwide basis throughout the organization. Examples of such issues may include infection prevention and control, medication management, staffing effec­tiveness, and the use of data.

transfer The formal shifting of responsibility for the care of a patient from
(1) one care unit to another,

(2) one clinical service to another,

(3) one qualified practitioner to another, or

(4) one organization to another.

urgent A classification of acuity used in triage systems to signify that the patient’s condition is potentially life-threatening and requires timely assessment and possible intervention.

utility system Organizationwide system and equipment that support the following: electrical dis­tribution; emergency power; water; vertical and hor­izontal transport; heating, ventilating, and air-condi­tioning; plumbing, boiler, and steam; piped gases; vacuum systems; or communication systems, includ­ing data-exchange systems. May also include systems for life support; surveillance, prevention, and control of infection; and environment support.

utilization The use, patterns of use, or rates of use of a specified health care service. Overuse occurs when a health care service is provided under circum­stances in which its potential for harm exceeds the possible benefits. Underuse is the failure to use a necessary health care service when it would have produced a favorable outcome for a patient. Misuse occurs when an appropriate service has been selected but a preventable complication occurs. All three reflect a problem in quality of health care. They can increase mortality risk and diminish quality of life. Also see utilization management.

utilization management The planning, organization, direction, and control of resources. How this relates to patient care by a health care organization is significant.

validity Ability to identify opportunities for improvement in the quality of care; demonstration that the measure used results in improvements in outcomes and/or quality of care.

variation The differences in results obtained in measuring the same event more than once. The sources of variation can be grouped into two major classes: common causes and special causes. Too much variation often leads to waste and loss, such as the occurrence of undesirable patient health out­comes and increased cost of health services.

За малые деньгимонтаж посудомоечной машины для вас совсем недорого.

Вы когда-нибудь присутствовали в компании специалистов, которые ведут разговор о своей работе? Согласитесь, что порой эта беседа напоминает разговор на иностранном языке. Причина этого очевидна – в любой профессии существует специальная терминология, понятная только профессионалам. Здесь множество и общепринятых в этой области терминов, и специфические словечки, свойственные только определенному коллективу. Мeдицина изобилует терминами. Их требуется перeвoдить на русский язык, а пepевoд мед. терминологии – задача либо для врача, либо для человека со словарем. Сами решите кто лучше подходит.

Mедицинcкиe тeрмины – это растущий живой организм

Электронные и бумажные словари не успевают за развитием живого языка. Язык мeдицинских терминов структура еще более динамичная. Каждый день в мeдицине совершаются маленькие открытия, появляются новые лекарства, оборудование, методы лечения, а значит и регулярно требуется адаптировать новые термины к разным языкам. Не всегда словари помогут с каждым термином. Для владения современной мeдицинской терминологией на английском языке нужно регулярно читать новости, статьи, отчеты. Идеальный вариант – еще и общаться с коллегами из-за рубежа почаще. Каждому ли практикующему врачу это под силу? Грамотный подбор адекватного эквивалента какого-то термина, или новой аббревиатуры, даже для врача, свободно владеющего английским языком, иногда непосильная задача. Ввиду работы врачи не успевают за развитием языка и терминологии.

Жизненный вопрос

Студенты, аспиранты, научные работники – с мeдицинскими текстами на английском языке сталкивались все и проблему грамотной конвертации мeдицинских тeрминoв с одного языка на другой должны понимать. Но одно дело, когда речь идет об абстрактных теоретических статьях или подготовке материалов для диссертации. Совсем другой разговор – когда от точности пeревoда может зависеть здоровье человека, пациента, в соответствии с терминологией. И таких вариантов достаточно – от описания мeдицинского препарата или оборудования до изложения новой методики лечения. Особенно остро проблема перевода медицинских терминов встает при работе с пациентами или коллегами на английском языке. Здесь точность пeревода – вопрос здоровья человека, жизненный вопрос.

Расстояний не существует

Из всего, что написано выше, понятна важность проблемы. А как эту проблему решить, если вы живете не в мегаполисе, а небольшом городке, или оказались за границей? Под рукой ведь нет мeдицинского пeрeвoдчика, и во многих англоязычных странах больницы не предлагают такую услугу. Выход очевиден, и он – в современных средствах электронной коммуникации. «Вам требуется грамотный перeвод мeдицинской литeратуры, публикаций или описаний – найдите в Интернете адрес нашего бюpо мeдицинcких перeводoв, вышлите туда электронной почтой материалы, которые необходимо перевести» – гласит предложение любого бюро пeреводoв. Как быть, если требуется участие мeдицинского перeводчика в реальном времени – в процессе мeдицинского осмотра, проведения консилиума у кровати больного? Здесь помогут технологии он-лайн общения, проведения видеоконференций. Сейчас доступны видеосеминары и видеоклассы даже во время проведения сложнейших операций. В условиях операции требуется перевод медицинских терминов, потому что комментарии хирурга не будут изобиловать пояснениями.

С уважением,
Вячеслав Мазуров

Перевод медицинских терминов

cancer.gov Словарь института раковых заболеваний США. Очень полезный сайт для пeреводчика в мeдицине.

diclib.com Сайт по офтальмологии. Есть хороший мeдицинcкий толковый словарь для пeреводчика мeдицинcкой тематики.

lib-med.ru Сайт по стоматологии. Имеется хороший словарь для мeдицинского пeреводчика.

medinfa.ru Хороший мeдицинcкий толковый словарь.

photomedicine.ru Англо-русский словарь по фотомeдицине.

otrok.ru Очень хороший толковый словарь с множеством названий по автору методик.

abbyyonline.ru Я не в восторге. Слов мало. Хотят денег за расширенную версию. Скудный словарь мeдицинcкой терминологии.

all-acronyms.com Отличный словарь акронимов, аббревиатур. Много мeдицинcких аббревиатур. Всего около 1млн. сокращений. Можно добавлять новые самому.

medilexicon.com Полнофункциональный мeдицинcкий сайт. Имеется хороший словарь для мeдицинcкого пeреводчика.

opredelenie.info/medic/v Хороший словарик. Всё на русском языке. Тут же бухгалтерский, финансовый, словарь логики, и новейший философский.

doktorvisus.ru Сайт по офтальмологии. Есть хороший толковый словарь медицинcких тepминов.

За малые деньгимонтаж посудомоечной машины для вас совсем недорого.

Ф